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    • Sous-Vide Cookers on Shabbos

    Sous-Vide Cookers on Shabbos

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Some pronounce it ‘sue vee’, while others pronounce it ‘sue veed’. Either way, it is a French phrase which translates to “vacuum”. It is a method of cooking that was first described by the inventor Sir Benjamin Thompson, aka Count Rumford, who is also credited with the invention of thermal underwear. The techniques of modern sous-vide cooking were perfected in the 1970s and have become increasingly popular over the past twenty years. Sous-vide is a method of cooking in which food is vacuum-sealed in a plastic pouch and cooked in a bath of water at an accurately controlled temperature. The water is typically held at 125° – 175°F, which is considerably cooler than standard cooking temperatures in an oven. While the vacuum packing is achieved by removing any excess air, the food will not float but rather sink and be completely submerged underwater.

    There are a number of benefits to sous-vide […]

    Medicine on Shabbos: Questions and Answers from Rav Moshe Heinemann

    Medicine on Shabbos: Questions and Answers from Rav Moshe Heinemann

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents, Fall 2019

    In the times of Chazal, people would grind up medicine as needed. Grinding is forbidden on Shabbos; therefore, Chazal enacted a gezeira that a person should not take medicine on Shabbos for a minor ailment. Even though it is not common nowadays for a consumer to crush his own medicine, the gezeira remains in full force. In general, it is forbidden for a person with a minor ailment to do anything on Shabbos which an observer would realize is being done for refuah. I asked Rav Heinemann, shlit”a, twenty questions regarding treating minor ailments on Shabbos. Below are the questions and his answers. Following that, I have added source material for those who wish to further understand these pesakim.

    Q1: How bad does a headache or an allergy such as hay fever need to be in order to take medicine on Shabbos?

    A person is generally not allowed to […]

    Mezuzah Guidelines for a Walk-in Closet

    Mezuzah Guidelines for a Walk-in Closet

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Winter 2019

    Q: Does a walk-in closet in my house need a mezuzah?

    A: Many of the doorways of the various rooms in a person’s house are required to have a mezuzah on the doorposts; however, not every doorway is halachically obligated to bear one. Whether or not a particular room needs to have a mezuzah will depend upon the location of the doorway, the intended use of the room, and other factors. A complete exposition of all relevant halachos is beyond the scope of this article. We will limit ourselves to one specific question: What are the specific measurements that a walk-in closet would need to meet in order to halachically be considered a “room”? In other words, when is a walk-in closet large enough to require a mezuzah and when is it small enough that it does not?

    A large walk-in closet is halachically considered to be a room […]

    GramaChip Technologies

    GramaChip Technologies

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    There are cholim (ailing or frail individuals) who would greatly benefit from being able to use electric devices on Shabbos. GramaChip Technologies is a company that provides halachically compliant solutions for these cholim; its products are STAR-K certified.

    As its name suggests, the products rely on the halachic principle of grama. The Mishna discusses grama in the context of putting out a fire on Shabbos. One is permitted to arrange a ring of water around a fire, even though the fire will certainly be extinguished when it reaches the water.1 This is halachically allowed due to the time delay between the action of arranging the water and the subsequent melacha of extinguishing the fire on Shabbos. Similarly, any activity that includes a time delay between a person’s action and the ensuing melacha would be categorized as a grama.2 Grama of a melacha de’oraissa is permitted only in situations of financial loss.3 However, […]

    Petting an Animal on Shabbos

    Petting an Animal on Shabbos

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Spring 2018

    Q: May one pet an animal on Shabbos?

    A: Chazal enacted a takanah designating certain types of objects as muktzah, thereby limiting a person’s freedom to move those items on Shabbos. There are various categories of muktzah with differing degrees of limitation of movement. For example, a utensil which is generally used for an activity prohibited on Shabbos is muktzah. A naturally occurring object such a stone is also muktzah unless it has been designated before Shabbos for a specific purpose. Similarly, the Talmud states that an animal is muktzah.

    In former times, it was common for children to play with young birds and listen to them sing. Tosefos suggests that a bird should not be considered to be muktzah as it can be used as a distraction for a crying child. However, Tosefos rejects this and concludes that birds are muktzah. Similarly, the Shulchan Aruch paskens that animals […]

    Halacha of Erecting a Fence Around a Roof

    Halacha of Erecting a Fence Around a Roof

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Winter 2018

    Q: Under which circumstances is a person obligated to erect a fence around the roof of his house?

    A: The Torah in parshas Ki-Setze states, “When you build a new house make a railing for your roof, and you shall not bring blood on your house if someone falls from there”.1 The Torah requires one to build a maakeh – a fence – around a flat roof that people walk on, so as to protect them from falling. The mitzvah applies not only to someone who builds a house but also to someone who buys, inherits or is gifted a house.2 A person who rents a house is also required to build a maakeh if the owner has not already done so.3

    A maakeh has to be strong enough that a person could lean against it without falling, and it has to be ten tefachim high.[...] Read More

    Eating or Cooking Meat and Fish Together

    Eating or Cooking Meat and Fish Together

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Fall 2017

    Q: What are the halachos regarding eating or cooking meat and fish together?

    A: Chazal tell us that it is unhealthy to eat meat and fish together, meat which was cooked with fish, or fish which was cooked with meat.1 The Magen Avrohom suggests the possibility that people are no longer sensitive to the combination of meat and fish, and that eating this is no longer unhealthy.2 However, common practice is to avoid eating meat and fish together and not rely on the Magen Avrohom.3 Regarding this halacha, chicken has the same status as meat.4
    If a person ate fish and would like to eat meat, or if he ate meat and would like to eat fish, he is required to take certain actions. The Shulchan Aruch states that he must wash his hands, but according to the Rema it is not Ashkenzai practice to do […]

    Hafrashas Challah: When Challah Separation Goes A-Rye

    Hafrashas Challah: When Challah Separation Goes A-Rye

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Summer 2017

    Q: I made some dough in order to bake bread and separated challah. When I wasn’t looking, someone inadvertently took that piece of separated challah and added it back into the rest of the dough. Now that the dough and challah are all mixed together, how should I proceed?

    A: Before we discuss how to proceed, let us clarify one point. The word “challah” has two meanings. It is used as the name of a bread which is braided, baked and commonly eaten at Shabbos meals. It is also used to describe a small piece of dough that was separated from a larger batch of dough in order to fulfill the halachic obligation of hafrashas challah. We are using the word “challah” in that second sense.

    Let us discuss the case where challah was mixed with dough and can no longer be recognized. If the batch of dough that […]

    Do Potato Chips Require Bishul Yisroel?

    Do Potato Chips Require Bishul Yisroel?

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Fall 2016

    Q: Do potato chips need to be bishul Yisroel (cooked by a Jew)?

    A: The Shulchan Aruch states that there is a rabbinic obligation that food be cooked through bishul Yisroel if both of the following conditions are met: (i) The food is generally not eaten raw, and (ii) The cooked food is something that would be served at a shulchan melochim – a king’s table.1 Since we are no longer ruled by royalty, we cannot observe what is served at a king’s table. The modern-day equivalent to a king’s meal is an elegant meal, such as that served at a wedding.2  This second condition is met whether the food is served at a shulchan melochim as part of the main course or as the dessert. In either case, if the food is generally not eaten raw it needs to be bishul Yisroel.3

    The Aruch Hashulchan proposes that potatoes […]

    Ten Myths About STAR-K Sabbath Mode Ovens

    Ten Myths About STAR-K Sabbath Mode Ovens

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Myth #1: Every oven that has a Sabbath mode is certified by STAR-K.
    Fact: An oven that has a Sabbath mode may or may not be certified by STAR-K. In fact, the same company may manufacture some ovens which have a STAR-K certified Sabbath mode and other ovens with a Sabbath mode which do not have any certification at all. One can verify an oven is STAR-K certified by consulting the oven’s manual, calling us (410-484-4110), or looking at the list on STAR-K’s website (www.star-k.org/appliances).
    Reason: STAR-K does not own the copyright to the term “Sabbath mode” and cannot prevent a company from using those words.

    Myth #2: A person who does not intend to raise or lower the oven temperature may use any oven on Shabbos and Yom Tov, and there is no reason to use an oven which has a STAR-K Sabbath mode.
    Fact: When using an oven on […]

    When to Recite Hatov V’Hameitiv Over Wine

    When to Recite Hatov V’Hameitiv Over Wine

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Spring 2016

    Q: When is the brocha of Hatov v’Hameitiv recited over wine?

    A: Before drinking a cup of wine, one recites the brocha of Borei Pri Hagofen. Under certain circumstances, if a different wine is subsequently drunk one recites an additional blessing – the brocha of Hatov Vehameitiv.1 The brocha gives thanks to Hashem for blessing the person with a richness of wine. The Hebrew text of the brocha is   2ברוך אתה ה’ אלקינו מלך העולם הטוב והמטיב

    This brocha is recited only if a number of conditions are met:

    If the second wine is of lesser quality than the first wine, Hatov Vehameitiv is not recited.3 There is one exception to this rule. If the first wine is red and the second one is white (but not the other way around), Hatov Vehameitiv is recited even if the second wine is known to be of slightly inferior quality. This […]

    Correcting Al Hamichya Mistakes

    Correcting Al Hamichya Mistakes

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Winter 2014

    Q:   When I say  Al Hamichya and make a mistake, I don’t know what to do.  Could you give me some guidelines?

    A:    There are three places in the  brocha me’ein shalosh (colloquially known as  Al Hamichya) where the text changes, depending on what was eaten:

    (1)    The  brocha starts with the words “ Boruch atah Hashem Elokeinu melech ha’olamal …”, followed by either “ hagefen  ve’al pri hagefen” if a person drank wine, “ ha’eitz  ve’al pri ha’eitz” if he ate fruit from the  shivas  haminim, “ hamichyeh  ve’al hakalkalah” if he ate food made from any of the five types of grain (wheat, barley, oats, rye, spelt), or a combination of these phrases if he ate or drank a combination of items.1

    (2)    Further on in the  brocha , one says “…  ve’nodeh  lecha al ha’aretz ve’al …”, followed by either “ pri  hagofen”, “ ha’peyros”, “ hamichya”, or a combination of these phrases.

    (3)    The  brocha concludes with the words “…  Boruch atah Hashem al …”, followed once again by either “ hagefen  ve’al pri hagefen”, […]

    Does Using Early-Bird Discounts Create a Ribbis Issue?

    Does Using Early-Bird Discounts Create a Ribbis Issue?

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Spring 2014

    Q:        I would like to send my young children to a backyard camp during the summer.  The camp is offering an ‘early-bird special’ if I register my children now.  If I wait until the summer to register, they will charge more.  Is there any ribbis issue with registering now and receiving the discount?

    A:         Ribbis involves lending money to another Jew and charging interest.  Doing so may violate a Torah prohibition or a rabbinic prohibition, depending upon the situation.  If it is necessary to charge interest, the two parties may sign a document known as a “heter iska”, which converts the loan into a business investment, thereby avoiding the prohibition of ribbis.1  People are often unaware that a number of common transactions may violate the prohibition of ribbis.  Here are a couple of examples:

    (1)   Reuven buys an item with Shimon’s credit card, and assures Shimon that he will pay the credit card bill.  However, Reuven forgets to pay the bill on time, and […]

    Separating Challah When Giving the Bread Away

    Separating Challah When Giving the Bread Away

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Summer 2014

    Q: I have heard that someone who bakes loaves of bread with the intention of giving them to other people does not separate challah with a brocha. Can you explain the parameters of this halacha?

    A: One is obligated to perform the mitzvah of separating challah when kneading dough which will be baked into bread. The amount of flour one must knead in order to be obligated in this mitzvah is an asiris ha’aifa, which is equivalent to the volume of 43⅕ beitzah.1 The exact volume of a beitzah is a matter of dispute. L’halacha, one should separate challah without a brocha when kneading 2.6 lbs. of flour, which on average is equivalent to 8⅔ cups of flour. According to Rav Chaim Noeh, one can separate challah with a brocha when kneading 3.675 lbs. or more of flour (on average, 12¼ cups). Many follow the opinion of the […]

    Tevilas Keilim

    Tevilas Keilim

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents, Summer 2015

    For general guidelines regarding the laws of tevilas keilim, ,click here

    UTENSIL
    TEVILAH

    Aluminum pan, disposable
    Tevilah without a brocha if intended to be used only once; tevilah with a brocha if intended to be used more than once.[1]

    Aluminum pan,non-disposable
    Tevilah with a brocha[2]

    Apple corer (metal)
    Tevilah with a brocha

    Baking/Cookie sheet
    Tevilah with a brocha

    Barbeque grill
    Racks require tevilah with a brocha, other components do not require tevilah.

    Blech
    No tevilah

    Blender /Mixer
    Glass or metal bowl, metal blades and other attachments require tevilah with abrocha, other components do not require tevilah.  Handheld immersion blender requires tevilah with a brocha.

    Bottle (metal or glass)
    Tevilah with a brocha.  If bought filled with food and subsequently emptied by a Jew, does not require tevilah.[3]

    Brush (grill, egg yolk, pastry)
    No tevilah

    Cake plate (metal or glass)
    Plate needs tevilah with a brocha, cake plate cover does not require tevilah.

    Can (metal or glass)
    Tevilah with a brocha.  If bought filled with food and subsequently emptied by a Jew, does not require tevilah.[3]

    Can opener
    No tevilah

    Cast iron pot
    Tevilah with a brocha

    Ceramic knife
    Tevilah without a brocha

    Challah board
    Metal board, or glass top on wooden board, requires tevilah with a brocha.  Wood board with a plastic top does not require tevilah.

    Cheese slicer (metal)
    Tevilah with […]

    Sheva Brachos Guidelines

    Sheva Brachos Guidelines

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Spring 2013

    Q: Could you give me some guidelines as to when sheva brochos are recited?

    A: When a chosson and kallah get married, sheva brochos are recited on three occasions: (i) under the chupah, (ii) at the end of the meal following the chupah, and (iii) at the end of subsequent meals that are made lekovod the chosson and kallah. It is this third category which is commonly known as sheva brochos. If the chosson and kallah have both been previously married, sheva brochos are recited only on the day of the wedding.1 If either the chosson or kallah has not been previously married, sheva brochos are recited on the seven days following the wedding, with the day of the wedding reckoned as the first of those seven days.2 If neither the chosson nor the kallah have previously been living an observant lifestyle (or if one of them has […]

    Creating a Round Cake Decorated as a Sun | Doing Dental Work on a Parent

    Creating a Round Cake Decorated as a Sun | Doing Dental Work on a Parent

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Summer 2008

    Inaugural Issue: Shailos From The Institute Of Halacha
    Kashrus Kurrents is proud to launch a new column, “Insights from the Institute”.  In this regular feature, Rabbi Mordechai Frankel will share with our readership intriguing shailos from his email inbox. The following is a sampling of the types of interesting questions that will be addressed in future columns.

    Heating & Cooling – Using Ice from an Ice Maker on Shabbos | Using an Electric Hot Water Heater on Yom Tov

    Heating & Cooling – Using Ice from an Ice Maker on Shabbos | Using an Electric Hot Water Heater on Yom Tov

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Winter 2008

    Q: My freezer has an ice making machine, which has an arm that rises as ice is produced and lowers when ice is removed. I generally turn the machine off before Shabbos by lifting the arm until it is fully raised. If I forget to do this, can I remove ice on Shabbos from the ice maker?

    A: There are various types of ice maker machines available, and they do not all work in the same way.  However, many of the commonly available models employ the following mechanism.  The ice making process begins when the ice maker signals the water valve to open, and a specified amount of […]

    Maris Ayin Using Non-Kosher Venues

    Maris Ayin Using Non-Kosher Venues

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Summer 2009

    Q: May one enter a non‐kosher restaurant to get a drink of water, use the restroom or attend a business luncheon?  If a person does enter such an establishment, may he eat kosher items such as whole fruit?  May one buy a cup of coffee at a non‐kosher facility, such as a highway rest stop or Starbucks?

    When Non-Mevushal Wine Becomes Stam Yeinom | Shipping Packages for Shabbos Delivery

    When Non-Mevushal Wine Becomes Stam Yeinom | Shipping Packages for Shabbos Delivery

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Fall 2009

    Q:       I had a bottle of wine stored in the shelving unit on the door of my refrigerator.  I was in the kitchen, and I saw my non-Jewish hired help open the refrigerator.   She knows that she is not allowed to touch my wine, but did not pay attention to the fact that opening the refrigerator moves the wine on the door.  Can I still drink the wine?

    Using a Warming Tray on Shabbos

    Using a Warming Tray on Shabbos

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Winter 2009

    Q:       I would like to buy a warming tray that has been manufactured for the Shomer Shabbos community. It is a glass covered warming tray and has a variable temperature dial with a removable knob. It can be set at a minimum temperature of 110 0F and a maximum temperature of 230 0F. It has a sticker on it stating that it is intended solely for the reheating of cooked foods and is not intended to be used for cooking. How may this tray be used on Shabbos?

    A:  In order to answer this question, one must have an understanding of the Rabbinic prohibitions of shehiyah and chazarah.  The parameters of these two prohibitions differ for Ashkenazim and Sefardim.  This response will explain the halachah as it applies to Ashkenazim.

    Shehiyah:  Shehiyah is the act of placing food on an open flame before the onset of Shabbos […]

    Can a Kohain Visit a Science Museum

    Can a Kohain Visit a Science Museum

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Summer 2011

    Q: Can a Kohain enter the Maryland Science Center, located in downtown Baltimore?

    Guidelines for Men’s Haircuts

    Guidelines for Men’s Haircuts

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Spring 2012

    Q: When my barber works on the area around my ear and temple, what I am allowed to let him do and what should I stop him from doing?

    Which Materials May Be Kashered (and Which May Not)

    Which Materials May Be Kashered (and Which May Not)

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Summer 2012

    Q: I have a number of utensils which need kashering through hagalah (immersion in boiling water). Which materials may and may not be kashered?

    A:   A fleishig utensil which comes into contact with hot milchig food or a milchig utensil which comes into contact with hot fleishig food needs to be kashered before further use.  There are a number of methods for kashering, dependent upon the manner of contact between the utensil and the food.  Perhaps the most common form of kashering is hagalah, in which the utensil is immersed in boiling water.

    Metal
    The Torah tells us that a vessel may be kashered if it is made from one of six metals:  gold, silver, copper, iron, tin or lead.1  There are other metals and alloys which were not in common use at the time of Matan […]

    Tearing Kriah at the Kosel

    Tearing Kriah at the Kosel

    By: Rabbi Mordechai Frankel

    Kashrus Kurrents Winter 2013

    Q: I am going to Israel and will be visiting the kosel (Western Wall). I know that it is customary to tear kriah upon seeing the kosel, but what exactly is the procedure?

    A:  The Shulchan Aruch paskens that when a person sees the cities of Judea he should say,
    ערי קדשך היו מדבר and tear kriah.1  However, it is not customary to do so, possibly because we do not know exactly where the ancient cities of Judea are located.2  The Shulchan Aruch continues that when a person sees the Old City of Yerushalayim he should say, ציון היתה מדבר שממה , and then tear kriah again.3  Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach zt”l writes that even nowadays, one should tear kriah upon seeing the Old City.4  However, Rav Moshe Feinstein […]

    When Does One Pray When There Is No Day

    When Does One Pray When There Is No Day

    By: Rabbi Dovid Heber

    Published Summer 2007

    Refer to attached map

    For a further discussion on this topic see Sefer Shaarei Zmanim –  Siman 11 here.

    There was a time not long ago when kosher food was available only in major Jewish metropolitan areas. Finding kosher certified products on the road was a daunting task. “Kosher Tours” were limited to a few select areas. Today, the Star-K and other kosher symbols appear on thousands of food products. Kosher food is available from Fairbanks to Fiji, and from New Zealand to Norway. Kosher tours are now available to Alaska and Antarctica. With so many north and south destinations easily accessible to kosher consumers, the observant Jew now faces an array of fascinating questions. In parts of Alaska, and other locations north of the Arctic Circle, there are periods of time during the summer when […]