{"id":9480,"date":"2022-07-06T01:03:14","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T01:03:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.star-k.org\/articles\/?p=9480"},"modified":"2022-12-06T01:11:18","modified_gmt":"2022-12-06T01:11:18","slug":"the-otzar-beis-din-shemitas-treasure-trove","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.star-k.org\/articles\/kashrus-kurrents\/9480\/the-otzar-beis-din-shemitas-treasure-trove\/","title":{"rendered":"The Otzar Beis Din: Shemita\u2019s Treasure Trove"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>Rabbi Yirmiyohu Kaganoff, Rav &amp; Rosh Kollel in Neve Yaakov, Jerusalem | Guest Contributor<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kashrus Kurrents, Summer 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An <em>Otzar Beis Din <\/em>is literally \u2018a storehouse operated\nby <em>Beis Din<\/em>.\u2019 Why would <em>Beis Din<\/em> operate a warehouse? Before\nexplaining more fully the true purpose of an <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>, which is a <em>halachically<\/em>\napproved method of distributing <em>Shemita<\/em> produce, we must first review\nthe <em>halachos<\/em> of <em>Shemita<\/em>. These rules fall under two general\ncategories: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(1) Laws of the Land<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Torah teaches that every seventh year is <em>Shemita<\/em>,\nand we are prohibited from working the land of Eretz Yisroel. One may not plow,\nplant, prune, or harvest one\u2019s grapevines as an owner, or perform most other\nagricultural work. Furthermore, one may not allow one\u2019s land to be worked\nduring <em>Shemita<\/em>, even by an <em>aino Yehudi.<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> One\nmay perform activities whose purpose is to prevent loss, such as watering\nplants and trees so that they do not die.<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The landowner may not treat what grows during <em>Shemita<\/em>\nas his own; rather, he must allow others to enter his field or orchard and help\nthemselves. They may take only as much as their family will eat, and the\nlandowner himself may also take this amount.<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> One\nmay not sell <em>Shemita<\/em> produce in a business manner.<a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(2) Laws of the Fruit<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Shemita<\/em> produce is imbued with special sanctity called <em>kedushas shevi\u2019is<\/em>. The Torah provides specific rules that govern how one treats it. These laws fall under the following categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Commerce with <\/strong><em><strong>Shemita<\/strong><\/em><strong> Produce<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>One must be careful not to sell <em>Shemita<\/em>\nproduce in a way that implies that one is its true owner. For this reason, <em>Shemita<\/em>\nproduce may not be sold by weight or measure<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> nor\nsold in a regular store.<a href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\nInstead it should be distributed in a way that implies that this is a <em>division<\/em>\nof produce rather than a <em>sale<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One may not export <em>Shemita<\/em> produce\nto <em>chutz la\u2019aretz<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> The\nlater <em>poskim<\/em> dispute whether one may even ship <em>esrogim<\/em> to <em>chutz\nla\u2019aretz<\/em> for people to fulfill the mitzvah of <em>Arba Minim<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em><strong>Sefichin<\/strong><\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Torah permits eating produce\nthat grew by itself without working the field during <em>Shemita<\/em>. However, Chazal\nfelt it necessary to prohibit grains and most vegetables that happened to grow\non their own during <em>Shemita<\/em> year or were planted in violation of the\nlaws of <em>Shemita<\/em>. This was because even in the days of Chazal it was\nunfortunately common to find Jews who deceitfully ignored <em>Shemita<\/em> laws.\nOne practice of enterprising, unscrupulous farmers was to plant grain or\nvegetables and market them as produce that grew on its own. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To discourage this illegal\nbusiness, Chazal forbade even grains and vegetables that grew on their own, a\nprohibition referred to as <em>sefichin<\/em> (literally, \u2018plants that sprouted\u2019).\nSeveral exceptions were made, including produce grown in the field of an <em>aino\nYehudi<\/em>, who has no obligation to observe <em>Shemita<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em><strong>Hefker<\/strong><\/em><strong> \u2013 Ownerless<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Since all <em>Shemita<\/em> produce\nis <em>halachically<\/em> ownerless, every consumer has the <em>halachic<\/em> right\nto \u2018help oneself\u2019 to whatever his family might eat. The <em>poskim<\/em> dispute\nwhether one has the right to do this if the owner refuses entry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Otzar Beis Din<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>With\nthis introduction, we can now discuss an <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The owner of a vineyard is not required to produce wine for\nme, only to allow me to harvest the grapes for myself. If I do not have the\nequipment or expertise to press and process grapes into wine or olives into oil,\nI will be unable to utilize my rights to these fruits. Similarly, although I\nhave a right to travel from Yerushalayim to pick citrus, mangos and bananas\ngrown along the coast or in the northern part of the country, it is not that\nconvenient for me to go. How then can I possibly utilize the benefit of <em>Shemita<\/em>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Enter the <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>. The <em>Beis Din<\/em>\nrepresents the consumer and hires people to gather the fruit, crush the grapes and\nolives into juice and oil, ferment the juice into wine, package the product,\nand then distribute it to the consumer. The <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em> acts as the\nconsumer\u2019s <em>agent<\/em> and hires pickers, truckers, and other laborers; rents\nwine production equipment; purchases the bottles; produces <em>Shemita<\/em> fruits,\nwines and oils; and delivers them to a convenient distribution center near my\nhouse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obviously, the <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em> cannot expect the\npickers, truckers, and other laborers to work as unpaid volunteers, nor can\nthey use the production equipment without paying rent. Similarly, the managers\nwho coordinate this project are also entitled to a wage for their efforts. The <em>Otzar\nBeis Din<\/em> divides these costs among the consumers. However, no charge is\nmade whatsoever for the fruit, since they are <em>hefker<\/em>; the charges are\nonly for the labor and other costs involved. Thus, <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>\nproducts should cost less than regular retail prices for the same items.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, the farmer is required to allow anyone to enter\nhis field and help himself to his crops. However, since it is inconvenient for\na resident of Yerushalayim to travel to an orchard in the northern part of\nIsrael or along its coast to pick oranges and bananas, the <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>\npicks and transports the fruit to the consumer. All the other <em>halachos<\/em> of\n<em>Shemita<\/em> apply to this produce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>The Development of a \u2018Modern\u2019 Otzar Beis Din<\/strong> <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The\n<em>rabbonim<\/em> and <em>Beis Din<\/em> of Yerushalayim organized the first \u2018modern\u2019\n<em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em> over 110 years ago. In 5670 (1910), Rav Tzvi Hirsch\nCohen, a <em>talmid chacham<\/em> from Rechovot who owned vineyards and orchards,\ncame to the <em>rabbonim<\/em> of Yerushalayim requesting that they function as\nhis <em>Beis Din<\/em> to distribute the wine and fruit from his orchards for the\ncoming <em>Shemita<\/em>. The written contract, signed by Rav Chayim Berlin, Rav\nYosef Chayim Zonnenfeld, Rav Pesach\nFrank, Rav Yisroel Yaakov Yaavetz and Rav Moshe Nachum Wallenstein, enabled\nYerushalayim residents to receive wine and fruit from Rav Cohen\u2019s orchards. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Someone had to arrange to harvest the fruit, process the\ngrapes into wine, and transport the products to Yerushalayim. Since Rav Cohen\nwas the most qualified person to\ntake care of these arrangements, the <em>Beis Din<\/em> appointed him to be their\nrepresentative on behalf of the general public. As an agent, he was entitled to\na wage for his work, as were the other employees who harvested, crushed,\npackaged, and transported the crop, but no one was entitled to any profits on\nthe produce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Beis Din<\/em> established several rules to maintain\nthat the laws of <em>Shemita<\/em> were scrupulously kept in this arrangement, and\nto guarantee that Rav Cohen was paid as a <em>manager<\/em> and not as an owner of\nthe product. For one thing, they predetermined the price that the consumer\nwould pay for the wine, guaranteeing that it was significantly lower than its\nusual market price.<a href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of the laws governing the harvest and use of <em>Shemita<\/em>\nproducts, the <em>Beis Din<\/em> also insisted on the following rules:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The wine and fruits could\nbe distributed only to people who would observe the <em>Shemita<\/em> sanctity of\nthe products.<a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The vineyards and orchards\nhad to be available for any <em>Shemita<\/em>-observant person to enter and\nharvest for his own needs.<a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The products were not\ndistributed through stores, but were divided as a communal division of bulk\nproduct. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The products were not weighed or measured. Each individual who participated in dividing the <em>Shemita<\/em> produce paid Rav Cohen as <em>Beis Din<\/em>\u2019s agent, for which the consumer was entitled to \u2018shares\u2019 of wine and produce, which were delivered in bulk containers without an exact weight.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The actual harvest of the\nproduct was performed by <em>aino Yehudim<\/em> and in an atypical way.<a href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In his analysis of the procedure of an <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>,\nthe Chazon Ish follows a more lenient approach than that of the above-mentioned\n<em>Beis Din<\/em> of Yerushalayim.<a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> He\nruled that representatives of an <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em> may harvest in the\nnormal way and use Jewish labor. Thus, the <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em> of a modern farm\nfollowing the Chazon Ish\u2019s ruling allows Jewish staff to use tractors and other\nequipment to harvest and process the <em>Shemita<\/em> produce.<a href=\"#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, the Chazon Ish permitted weighing and measuring\nproduce sold through <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>. In his opinion, the prohibition\nagainst weighing and measuring <em>Shemita<\/em> produce is only because this indicates\nthat I am the owner of the produce. However, weighing and measuring <em>Otzar\nBeis Din<\/em> produce is to determine a fair division of costs involved in\nsupplying the produce, and not to demonstrate ownership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, in a modern <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>, the grower plants\neverything before <em>Shemita<\/em> and is given extremely detailed instructions regarding\nwhat he may and may not do during <em>Shemita<\/em>. The grower must allow any <em>Shemita<\/em>-observant\nperson to enter the field or orchard and help himself to the produce.<a href=\"#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>The Heter Otzar Beis Din Controversy<\/strong> <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nmodern term, <em>Heter Otzar Beis Din<\/em>, is used pejoratively. The purpose of\nan <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em> is to service the consumer, not the producer, as\nexplained above. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately,\nunscrupulous individuals sometimes manipulate the rubric of <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>\nto allow a \u2018business as usual\u2019 attitude and violate both the spirit and <em>halacha<\/em>\nof <em>Shemita<\/em>. I know of farms that call themselves <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>\nbut in reality bar free entry of their fields during <em>Shemita<\/em>, or where\nthe field owner treats the produce as completely his own and charges\naccordingly. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since\nthis contradicts the meaning of <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>, these cases are called <em>heter\nOtzar Beis Din,<\/em> meaning permissibility\nbased on an <em>abuse<\/em> of the concept of <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>. Because of\nthese concerns, some <em>hechsheirim<\/em> discourage the use of <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>.\nThus, in practice, <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em> becomes a <em>michshol<\/em> when it\ndegenerates into a <em>heter Otzar Beis Din<\/em>. Indeed, as with every \u2018treasure,\u2019\none must make every effort to ensure its principle stays intact. How much more\nso with the principles of the <em>Otzar Beis Din<\/em>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All too often we find a wide chasm between what should be in\ntheory and what exists in reality. It is truly remarkable, then, that during <em>Shemita<\/em>\nin Eretz Yisroel, where you have the <em>zechus<\/em> to live, breathe, and\nexperience <em>kedushas shevi\u2019is<\/em>, you can visit that unassuming <em>Otzar Beis\nDin <\/em>quietly nestled in Geula\u2019s Rechov Yonah, and see for yourself where <em>halachic<\/em>\ntheory becomes a <em>halachic<\/em> reality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Chazak ve\u2019ematz!<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> <em>Avodah Zarah<\/em> 15b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> <em>Moed Katan<\/em> 3b; <em>Rambam, Hil. Shemita<\/em> 1:10; <em>Cf<\/em>.\n<em>Chazon Ish, Shevi\u2019is<\/em> 16:4, 21:14, who is more lenient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Rambam<em>, Hil.Shemita <\/em>4:1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Ibid., 6:1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> <em>Mishnah Shevi\u2019is<\/em> 8:3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> <em>Yerushalmi Shevi\u2019is<\/em> 7:1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> <em>Mishnah Shevi\u2019is<\/em> 6:5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> <em>Beis Ridbaz<\/em> 5:18; <em>Igros Moshe, Orach Chayim<\/em> 1:186.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> Rambam, <em>Hil. Shemita<\/em> 4:29.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> <em>Sefer<\/em> <em>Minchas Yerushalayim<\/em>, 161.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> Ibid., 163; see also <em>Tosefta Shevi\u2019is<\/em> 6:11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> <em>Sefer Minchas Yerushalayim<\/em>, 181.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> <em>Katif Shevi\u2019is<\/em>, 125.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> <em>Shevi\u2019is<\/em> 11:7 <em>s.v. b\u2019mashekasavti<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> <em>Sefer HaShemita<\/em>, 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> <em>Mishpetei Aretz<\/em>, 103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rabbi Yirmiyohu Kaganoff, Rav &amp; Rosh Kollel in Neve Yaakov, Jerusalem | Guest Contributor<\/p>\n<p>Kashrus Kurrents, Summer 2022<\/p>\n<p>An Otzar Beis Din is literally \u2018a storehouse operated<br \/>\nby Beis Din.\u2019 Why would Beis Din operate a warehouse? Before<br \/>\nexplaining more fully the true purpose of an Otzar Beis Din, which is a halachically<br \/>\napproved method of distributing Shemita produce, we must first review<br \/>\nthe halachos of Shemita. These rules fall under two general<br \/>\ncategories: <\/p>\n<p><strong>(1) Laws of the Land<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Torah teaches that every seventh year is Shemita,<br \/>\nand we are prohibited from working the land of Eretz Yisroel. One may not plow,<br \/>\nplant, prune, or harvest one\u2019s grapevines as an owner, or perform most other<br \/>\nagricultural work. Furthermore, one may not allow one\u2019s land to be worked<br \/>\nduring Shemita, even by an aino Yehudi.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> One<br \/>\nmay perform activities whose purpose is to prevent loss, such as watering<br \/>\nplants and trees so that they do not die.<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>The landowner may not treat [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[224,27,318,227],"tags":[229,269,270,217],"class_list":["post-9480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kashrus-kurrents-2022","category-kashrus-kurrents","category-kashrus-kurrents-in-app","category-summer-kashrus-kurrents-2022","tag-kashrus-kurrents","tag-otzar-beis-din","tag-sefichin","tag-shemita"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Otzar Beis Din: Shemita\u2019s Treasure Trove | STAR-K Kosher Certification<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Rabbi Yirmiyohu Kaganoff, Rav &amp; 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